The Causes of Climate Change - 1008 Words

â€Å"Climatism is the belief that man-made greenhouse gases are destroying earth’s climate† said Steve Goreham, the executive director of the Climate Science Coalition of America and author of the book â€Å"The Mad, Mad, Mad World of Climatism: Mankind and Climate Change Mania†. Historically, earth climate has become a major problem after the Industrial Revolution during the 18th and 19th century and it significantly becomes a big concern in the present days. This essay will illustrate the possible root of climate change which is caused by mankind as well as nature. Climate is the weather patterns or weather conditions in a region in general or over a long lasting period. Climate change can be defined as a long term shift in global or regional†¦show more content†¦It is true that deforestation is one of the major causes of climate change, but the replacement of vegetation and gardening also absorb the carbon dioxide as part of biological carbon cycle (Hamburg, 2009). Regarding this aspect, some people believe that nature variability itself has an essential influence on this international environmental issue. One of the natural causes is the blaze of forest fire during dry season in some regions which usually causes by El Nià ±o event. El Nià ±o can be described as a natural event in which the surface water of the eastern and central Pacific Ocean is warmed, causing unusual weather patterns in every few years (The Free Dictionary, n.d). For example, there were wide spread forest fires occurred in Sumatra and Kalimantan in 1997. Accordi ng to the Overseas Development Institute, this great Indonesian wildfires result in severe haze problem in the whole region of Indonesia and other countries in South East Asia (Byron and Shepherd, 1998). Another haze problem is volcanic eruption. The volcanic fumes resulted in carbon dioxide emission in the air and this harmful chemical substance gathered together trapping the heat in the atmosphere, which effectively increased regional average temperature. (Volcanoes Climate Change, 2011, Internet). A good illustration is the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1990. When this volcano erupted, ashShow MoreRelatedCause And Effect Of Climate Change Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesCause and effects of Climate Change. General purpose: to inform. Specific purpose: After hearing my speech my audience will know what climate change is, what causes it and its effects now and in the future. Thesis Statement: Climate change is a very important issue that affects all of us. Organization pattern: Cause and effect. Introduction: I. (Attention-getter): How do you explain that 30 years ago we had a different weather than today? When you look at yourself in a dirty mirror; can you seeRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Climate Change1706 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss the causes and effects of climate change. Present any solutions that are relevant to these issues. Probably the most anxious threat to our earth in these two decades is climate change. Climate change refers to any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time. In other saying, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, among other effects, that occur over several decades or longer (Epa.gov, 2015). The rateRead MoreClimate Change : Causes And Effects934 Words   |  4 Pages Climate Change Paper Kaitlyn Yinger 4-17-15 Erin Reese Biology 122: 10:30-12:45 Climate Change What really causes climate change? Is it human cause or is a natural process that is happening? I think that us as humans contribute more to climate change then natural causes. Human Causes Humans affect climate change in different ways, three main ways that humans caused climate change is deforestation, greenhouse gases and Agriculture. Deforestation causes change to the landscapeRead MoreThe Causes And Effects Of Climate Change1084 Words   |  5 PagesAs a result of climate change, natural disaster has increased extremely, especially droughts and floods around the world. In the past several years, it can be seen that various news concerned critical climate variability and extreme weather. For instance, the United States Department of Agriculture (2013) pointed out that the US agricultural land suffered from drought about 80 percent in 2012, while BBC (2015) reported that one of four districts in Myanmar, which were warned of flooding caused byRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Climate Change Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesOshin-Martin Communication 11, Section D23 Informative Speech 14 November 2016 Causes and effects of Climate Change. General purpose: to inform. Specific purpose: After hearing my speech, my audience will know more what climate change is, what causes it and its effects now and in the future. Thesis Statement: Climate change is a very important issue that affects all of us, we need to know more about this issue. Organization pattern: Cause and effect. Introduction: I. (Attention-getter): When you look at yourselfRead MoreThe Causes And Effects Of Climate Change1690 Words   |  7 Pagesdebates about the pros and cons of climate change and what are the causes and effects of climate change. There are those who argue that the rising levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases in our environment are as a direct result of human activities. Some activities that are at the top of the list include but are not limited to the burning of fossil fuels, the cutting down of our forest, these activities are causing significant and increasingly severe climate changes which include global warming. GlobalRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Climate Change1334 Words   |  6 PagesCauses of Climate change Climate change is an issue that is of major concern all around the world. Climate change should be a major concern right now and countries around the world need to implement changes to help improve the current conditions. Countries like the U.S. should set an example for everyone else by enforcing strict regulations on emissions and investing in clean energy sources to prevent further pollution of the planet and extreme weather cases directly linked to climate change. ThereRead MoreClimate Change : Causes And Effects1113 Words   |  5 Pages Climate Change: Causes and Effects Student’s Name: Institutional Affiliation: Climate Change: Causes and Effects According to Adger (2010), the combined effect of climate change and limitations of resources is serving as a threat to the sustainability of the current social-economic systems and is poised to affect our way of life. Climatic change is more than global warming. The rise in temperatures is but part of the broader changes leading to extreme temperatures, drought, floodingRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Climate Change858 Words   |  4 PagesHowever, action by earth’s inhabitants was redundant by those whom warned the naà ¯ve of the repercussions at an early stage. This being said climate change is present and has now projected an increase in the cause of diseases as well as death, habitat changes for plants, and severe storms along with hurricanes that will continue to deteriorate the planet. Climate change is present in Earth due to the greenhouse gases that are held or trapped in heat in the atmosphere by absorbing infrared radiation andRead MoreClimate Change : Causes And Effects1347 Words   |  6 Pagesdebated topic of climate change. Climate change is no myth; it’s a further analysis of how our planet is suffering the negative effects of human carelessness, which can be observed through the glaciers worldwide. Due to fossil fuel consumption and deforestation, greenhouse gasses are beyond regular amounts and affecting the glaciers, causing them to melt and increase ocean and sea levels. To further understand Climate Change, one must recognize what it is. When people ponder about climate, they think

Othering Through Media - 4677 Words

University of Helsinki Faculty of Social Sciences Meeting the Other by Prof.emerita Ullamaija Kivikuru ------------------------------------------------- ‘Othering’ and the media A literature review on media about, for and by minorities Lieselotte De Mey Student ID no. 014214154 Master student Media and global communication Abstract Since we live in a multicultural society, meaning that we are constantly faced with ‘the other’, we often turn to media as a source to gather information about this unfamiliar other. Arguing that media have the potential to shape people’s perception of social relations and groups, this paper contains a literature review on the relation between media and the portrayal of ethnic minorities. By†¦show more content†¦I will first discuss these activities before turning to mainstream and ethnic media. Dual nature of ‘othering’ Authors (Bailey et al., 2007; Canales, 2000; Haynes et al., 2006) acknowledge the dual nature of the process of ‘othering’ where it simultaneously causes exclusion and inclusion. Haynes et al. (2006) formulate it precisely when they state that â€Å"the construction of an other is, in fact, a dual process whereby an imagined included us is created through the construction of an excluded other† (p.13). Exclusionary ‘othering’ uses the power within relationships for domination and subordination. People who experience this form of ‘othering’ often experience alienation, marginalization, decreased opportunities, internalized oppression and exclusion. Inclusionary ‘othering’ on the other hand, attempts to utilize power within relationships for transformation and coalition building. Individuals who experience this form of ‘othering’, potentially undergo consciousness raising, sense of community, shared power and inclus ion (Canales, 2000). Complementing this dual nature of ‘othering’, Schmidt Bunkers (2003) explains the remarkable paradox concerning the other: â€Å"Never has the world been more dangerous, with terrorism continuing to spark suspicions of those that are different from us. And, never, at the same time, has the world been more in need of finding ways to embrace those that are different and those that are viewed asShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Missing People And Others 979 Words   |  4 Pagesgroups and communities. Othering divides and separates instead of encouraging harmony, equity and commonality. Arturo Madrid in his essay entitled, â€Å"Missing People and Others† in the book, Race, Class and Gender, speaks about his form of otherness that he experienced in schools. Madrid has a Latino ethnicity and is a citizen of the United States as are his parents, grandparents and great-grandparents. However, he learned about othering before he knew of the concept. Though his school tried to eraseRead MoreNo Im Not White Thank You Essay799 Words   |  4 Pagescolor. A unique mix of social anxiety and barely-a-transfer-student jitters forced my eyes to my phone, my desire to genuinely seem busy rapidly exhausting my favored social media applications. Without my standard crutch, I was left to investigate several forgotten apps hidden in the depths of my phone. I idly scrolled through news apps, my eyes nearly glazing over with the absurdity of election season until my eyes caught a particularly striking article: â€Å"New U.S. Census Category Proposed for PeopleRead MoreEssay Ju st A little Gay1629 Words   |  7 Pagesthese media images, mainstream audiences come to view non-heterosexual identities through the narrow stereotype of the non-heterosexual individual as â€Å"white, well-muscled, handsome, well-educated, and white collar†, and â€Å"heterosexualized† enough to identify with, while simultaneously â€Å"othering† ethnic and racial diversity within this media discourse. I will focus my paper on this theory, in an attempt to undercut the commonly held view that including non-heterosexual identities in mass media advertisingRead MoreIslamic Cultural History1076 Words   |  5 Pagescontext of history, what will have the most significant effect on cultural memory is not the fact that these terrorists and ideologues attempted to form a state, but that it was one claimed to be inherently Islamic. The resulting culture of fear, â€Å"othering†, and Islamophobia experienced across the developed world will cement the place of the Islamic State in cultural history, even as the group itself continues to lose power, territory, and consequently, news coverage. The Islamic State rose to powerRead MoreSocial, Political, Geographical, Cultural, And Historical Changes Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pagesin 2012. The essay will detail his experiences regarding the social, political, geographical, cultural, and historical changes due to her migration. This essay will also discuss a variety of intercultural theories most importantly, culture shock†¦. Through the applications of concepts and intercultural theories, this essay will be able to provide a cross examination of Ben’s life in Whales compared to his new one in New Zealand. Furthermore, it will be able to emphasise his sense of cultural belongingRead MoreFilm Crash Film Analysis1178 Words   |  5 PagesMEDIA ANALYSIS Essentialism and non-essentialism views on race as represented in Paul Haggis’ film Crash. â€Å"You couldn’t find a whiter, safer or better-lit part of this city. But this white woman sees two black guys †¦ and her reaction is blind fear† (Cheadle Haggis, 2004). This quote is from the academy award-winning film Crash, by Paul Haggis. Haggis demonstrates both essentialist and non-essentialist concepts through his characters living in downtown Los Angeles. Crash follows various charactersRead MorePhysical And Psychological Aspects Of A Monster1314 Words   |  6 Pagesarises. Society in modern times thrives on media and materials that are based on mental illness and diseases. My favorite example is someone who hides their disease so carefully no notices it until there is a slip up in behavior. Reason to Breathe displays this situation; Emma has just arrived home on a Saturday and has a necklace given to her by her boyfriend and Carol lashes out. She shoves Emma into a door but Emma slips and instead her elbow is thrown through a window. Her uncle George runs up theRead MoreEdward Saids Theory Of Orientalism1561 Words   |  7 Pagesis a theory of representation, or a discourse, based upon the binary divide between so-called ‘East’ and ‘West’ from a mainly Eurocentric perspective. Discourses, as proposed by Michel Foucault, â€Å"define the reality of the social world†, (White Fuse Media Ltd., 2016) and therefore effect how we perceive people, their societies, traditions and cultures. In the context of this essay, the discourse of Orientalism is the institutionalised way that the ‘East’ is perceived and represented by the ‘West’. ItRead MoreFilm: Guess Who?865 Words   |  4 Pagessociety are often reflected within the media. This can be seen by an audience through films such as ‘Guess Who’ which contains representations of various values and perspectives in regards to the intercultural concept of essentialism and non-essentialism. The film ‘Guess Who’ released in 2005, is a comedy based on an African American female who introduces her Caucasian boyfriend to her family. Within the film, the intercultural concepts are explored through the characters, to position the audienceRead MoreStereotypical Representations Of Racially Marked Female Bodies760 Words   |  4 Pagesmarked women. The media often relies on representation of articulation of ethnic women as animalistic, inferior and outside the natural. Films tend to utilize signifiers that express race, class and gender to develop characters. For this assignment, I have chosen to critically analyze Disney’s (1992) Aladdin; t his movie exemplifies the racialization of female bodies through visual illustrations that reinforce ideas of stereotypical roles of Middle Eastern that have been over-looked through the eyes of

2nd Amendment Paper Free Essays

When I think about the dreams of the founders I think about the amendments. These amendments represented their core beliefs. When I think about that I look at society and think how well have the amendments been followed. We will write a custom essay sample on 2nd Amendment Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a sense most of the amendments have been followed well, but in the last 20 or 30 years that has been declining rapidly. The 1st amendment, probably the easiest to follow is being silently fought. Now it may not be illegal to say something but by the time you say it you might have wished it was. People are beat to a bloody pulp because their opinion of the president, or even worse their favorite sports team. What has this nation come to when we beat a living person to a bloody pulp for the sports team that they like! I think we need to take a step back and look at ourselves for a second. The 2nd amendment is our first freedom. For the last 100 years people have slowly been trying to tax and regulate our right and freedom to bear arms. The 2nd amendment states that their should be a militia ready for times of war. It does not say an army, a militia. If I remember correctly the definition of militia is a military force raised by civilians to take place of an army in an emergency. Now how are we supposed to act like a military force, if the law abiding citizens of this country cannot buy a basic infantryman’s rifle. Yes you can buy a modified version, but we should be able to buy any type of firearm we would like, because it is our right and our freedom. This amendment isn’t about no duck hunting. It’s about the people’s right, freedom, and ability to protect themselves and their country. The 3rd amendment Is our freedom of religion. In this day and age christianity is frowned upon, at the time of our founders christianity represented the core belief system of almost every man, woman, and child. Nowadays you have atheists making it illegal to display any signs of religion, you want to put a nativity scene in front of your house, so sorry you probably need a permit for that, or its against your city ordnance. You want to have a christmas party at the local town/city green, no problem, only you need to call it a winter party, winter holiday party, or non denominational festive celebration, pretty insane. To make matters worse we have a president, a president the leader of a country whose motto is â€Å"IN GOD WE TRUST† is supporting the beliefs of Islam, a country who believes that America is satan. You know its bad when we have a muslim president. The constitution has been changed and twisted so much that I bet the founders are doing backflips in their graves. In a society were the sacred organization of marriage is being laughed at and challenged day to day, this isn’t just a political challenge its a virtue, and morality challenge as well. This country was founded on good, christian values and after the influence of God and the Holy Ghost. Christopher Columbus talks about a calm and spiritual feeling coming over him as he studied his maps and sailed on the open waters. There is no question that God had a hand in the founding of this country. At the time of Columbus, Asia had all the necessary means and resources to sail to the new world, and almost did. But Columbus did first and opened the path for God’s country, the light set on a hill. When this countries core belief system is attacked we must defend it, and if it fails we are in deep trouble. The day we take God out of everything is the day we are utterly and absolutely screwed. The founders knew that God must be at the center of our lives and that we must show Godlike attributes for this country to succeed, the amendments did a pretty good job of following the ten commandments if you think about it, for example the 2nd amendment may have something to do with those commandments that talk about coveting, and stealing? Although there are things wrong with America, and although it is painful to say there are a lot of things wrong but at then end of the day this is still the place, the Country chosen above all other countries to be an ensign unto all nations. To be the place where that great Lord Jesus the Christ will return again, where every knee shall bow and every tongue confess. Although we may be going through some rough times in America we must see the light at the end of the tunnel. When Thomas Jefferson said that there must be a separation of church and state I don’t think he realized what trouble he would cause years down the road. People now think that that statement means that we must take God out of all Politics and Government, the people who believe this are sadly and utterly WRONG. The statement that Thomas Jefferson made in a letter to a friend, not even in the Constitution, stated that we must not allow the Government control the Church, and not allow the Church to control the Government. We now see what happens when people take things out of context. This country is a beautiful one and still offers more than any other country in the world, but that is slowly decaying, and we are rapidly becoming more and more like, other countries in the world. We must return to the founders first dream, illustrated in the amendments and expressed in their letters and personal documents. We must not remove God from our lives, when we do we decay morally and spiritually and we as a society will slowly but surely spiral out of control. God still loves us and this country. He loves us no matter what, and though we may be going through a rough time in America’s history, it will all be for our profit and learning, there is a light at the end of the tunnel, and boy it is a bright and glorious one. This is his country, he inspired Columbus in his studying to find this country. He inspired the founders, to go against the tight grip of England, and write a constitution and declare independence. He inspired the writers and signers of the declaration of independence, to defy a nation and become an even stronger nation, full of love, and freedom. Now in this our darkest time we abandon our God, yet we need to remember that he has not abandoned us. The founders knew that a day would come when the constitution would be challenged, now its up to us as a nation to defend their dream. We must not give up as a nation, or even as individuals, at the end of the day there is no collective salvation, we must teach our families and our children the correct way of living, a Godlike way of living. We must try first to show faith, hope and charity to ourselves, and then our family, before we can try it as a nation. That is what we need, faith, hope, and charity. That was what the founders wanted to tell us. We must show faith hope and charity. No free government hand-outs. How to cite 2nd Amendment Paper, Papers

Gangs3 Essay Example For Students

Gangs3 Essay Gangs are a violent reality that people have to deal with in todays cities. Whathas made these groups come about? Why do kids feel that being in a gang is both anacceptable and prestigious way to live? The long range answer to these questions canonly be speculated upon, but in the short term the answers are much easier to find. Onthe surface, gangs are a direct result of human beings personal wants and peer pressure. To determine how to effectively end gang violence we must find the way that thesemorals are given to the individual Unfortunately, these can only be hypothesized. However, by looking at the way humans are influenced in society, I believe there is goodevidence to point the blame at several institutions. These include the forces of the media,the government, theater, drugs and our economic system. On the surface, gangs are caused by peer pressure and greed. Many teens ingangs will pressure peers into becoming part of a gang by making it all sound glamorous. Money is also an crucial factor. A kid (a 6-10 year old, who is not yet a member) isshown that s/he could make $200 to $400 for small part time gang jobs. Although theseare important factors they are not strong enough to make kids do things that are strongly One of the ways that kids morals are bent so that gang violence becomes moreacceptable is the influence of television and movies. The average child spends more timeat a TV than she/he spends in a classroom. Since nobody can completely turn off theirminds, kids must be learning something while watching the TV. Very few hours oftelevision watched by children are educational, so other ideas are being absorbed duringthis period of time. Many shows on television today are extremely violent and are oftenshown this from a gangs perspective. A normal adult can see that this is showing howfoully that gangs are living. However, to a child this portrays a violent gang existence asacceptable. The Ends Justifies the Means mentality is also taught through many showswhere the goody guy captures the bad guy through violence and is then beingcommended. A young child sees this a perfectly acceptable because he knows that thebad guy was wrong but has no idea of what acceptable apprehension techniques are. Gore in television also takes a big part in influencing young minds. Children seegory scenes and are fascinated by these things that they have not seen before. Olderviewers see gore and are not concerned with the blood but rather with the pain the victimmust feel. A younger mind doesnt make this connection. Thus a gore fascination isformed, and has been seen in several of my peers. Unfortunately kids raised with thissort of television end up growing up with a stronger propensity to becoming a violentgang member or violent-acceptant person. Gangs bring the delinquent norms of society into intimate contact with theindividual.1, (Marshall B Clinard, 1963). So, as you can see if TV leads a child tobelieve that violence is the norm this will manifest itself in the actions of the child quite,often in a gang situation. This is especially the case when parents dont spend a lot oftime with their kids at the TV explaining what is right and what is wrong. Quite oftennewer books and some types of music will enforce this type of thought and ideas. Once this mentality is installed in youngsters they become increasingly prone tobeing easily pushed into a gang situation by any problem at home or elsewhere. Forinstance, in poor families with many children or upper-middle class families whereparents are always working, the children will often feel deprived of love. Parents canoften feel that putting food on the table is enough love. Children of these families mayoften go to the gang firstly out of boredom and to belong somewhere. As time goes on, aform of love or kinship develops between the gang members and the child. It is then thatthe bond between the kid and the gang is completed because the gang has effectively taken the place of the family. .u96c03bb582045ea826ef95b7f66cdab7 , .u96c03bb582045ea826ef95b7f66cdab7 .postImageUrl , .u96c03bb582045ea826ef95b7f66cdab7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u96c03bb582045ea826ef95b7f66cdab7 , .u96c03bb582045ea826ef95b7f66cdab7:hover , .u96c03bb582045ea826ef95b7f66cdab7:visited , .u96c03bb582045ea826ef95b7f66cdab7:active { border:0!important; } .u96c03bb582045ea826ef95b7f66cdab7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u96c03bb582045ea826ef95b7f66cdab7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u96c03bb582045ea826ef95b7f66cdab7:active , .u96c03bb582045ea826ef95b7f66cdab7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u96c03bb582045ea826ef95b7f66cdab7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u96c03bb582045ea826ef95b7f66cdab7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u96c03bb582045ea826ef95b7f66cdab7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u96c03bb582045ea826ef95b7f66cdab7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u96c03bb582045ea826ef95b7f66cdab7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u96c03bb582045ea826ef95b7f66cdab7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u96c03bb582045ea826ef95b7f66cdab7 .u96c03bb582045ea826ef95b7f66cdab7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u96c03bb582045ea826ef95b7f66cdab7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Persuasive Essay On Abortion Pro Choice The new anti social structure of cities also effects the ease in which a boy/girl canjoin a gang. The formation of gangs in cities, and most recently in suburbs, is facilitatedby the same lack of community among parents. The parents do not know what theirchildren are doing for two reasons: First, much of the parents lives is outside the localcommunity, while the childrens lives are lived almost totally within it. Second, in a fullydeveloped community, the network of relations gives every parent, in a sense, acommunity of sentries who can keep him informed of his childs activities. In modernliving-places (city or suburban), where suc h a network is attenuated, he no longer hassuch sentries.2, (Merton Nisbet, 1971). In male gangs problems occur as each is the members tries to be the most manly. This often leads to all members participating inone-up-manship. Quite often this willthen lead to each member trying to commit a bigger and more violent crime or simplymore crimes than the others. With all members participating in this sort of activity itmakes for a never ending unorganized violence spree (A sort of Clockwork Orangementality). In gangs with more intelligent members these feelings end up making eachmember want to be the star when the groups commit a crime. This makes the gang muchmore organized and improves the morale of members which in turn makes them moredangerous and very hard for the police to deal with and catch (There is nothing harder tofind and deal with than organized teens that are dedicated to the group). This sort ofgang is usually common of middle or upper class people although it can happen in gangsin the projects and other low rent districts too. This one-up-manship is of ten the reason between rival gangs fighting. Allgangs feel powerful and they want to be feared. To do this they try to establishthemselves as the only gang in a certain neighborhood. After a few gang fights hatredforms and gang murders and drive-bys begin to take place. When two gangs are at war itmakes life very dangerous for citizens in the area. Less that 40% of drive-bys kill theirintended victim yet over 60% do kill someone. This gang application is one of the manyreasons that sexual stereotypes and pressure to conform to the same must be stopped. Lastly one of the great factors in joining a gang is for protection. Although froman objective point of view, we can see joining a gang brings more danger than it savesyou from, this is not always the way it is seen by kids. In slums such as the Bronx or thevery worst case, Compton, children will no doubt be beaten and robbed if they do notjoin a gang. Of course they can probably get the same treatment from rivals when in agang. The gang also provides some money for these children who quite often need tofeed their families. The reason kids think that the gang will keep them safe is frompropaganda from the gangs. Gang members will say that no one will get hurt and make apublic show of revenge if a member is hurt or killed. People in low rent areas are most often being repressed due to poverty and mostimportantly, race. This often results in an attitude that motivates the person to basehis/her life on doing what the system that oppresses them doesnt want. Although thisaccomplishes li ttle it is a big factor in gang enrollment. So, as you have seen gangs are a product of the environment we have created forourselves. Some of these factors include: oppression, the media, greed, violence andother gangs. There seems to be no way to end the problem of gangs without totallyrestructuring the modern economy and value system. Since the chance of this happeningis minimal, we must learn to cope with gangs and try to keep their following to aminimum. Unfortunately there is no real organized force to help fight gangs. Of coursethe police are supposed to do this but this situation quite often deals with racial issuesalso and the police forces regularly display their increasing inability to deal fairly withthese issues. What we need are more people to form organizations like the GuardianAngels a gang-like group that makes life very tough for street gangs that are breakingBibliography:

Theories of crime free essay sample

One such influential psychological theory of crime is by Bowlby (1969), who emphasized that crime is the product of attachment insecurity with the mother. Bowlby identified that the type of attachment relationship in childhood leads to the development of a cognitive framework known as the internal working model which consists of mental representations for understanding the world, self and others. A person’s actions and interactions are guided by this internal working model and influences their contact with others (Bretherton Munholland, 1999) and their understanding of the world. This impairment in their internal working model as a result of deprivation could result in conditions such as a cold affectionless character and delinquency (Bowlby, 1951). This is related to future criminal behaviour by causing the inability to show affection or concern for others and little regard for the consequences of their actions and their impact on others. This notion was heavily influenced by his study of 44 juvenile thieves and 44 control children. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of crime or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Through interviewing parents, it was found that 40% of the juvenile thieves (compared to 2% of controls) had been separated from their mother for 6 months or more during childhood. A third of the juvenile thieves had an affectionless character compared with none of the controls and this meant that Bowlby concluded that the thieves stole because of their lack of concern for others. This provided strong evidence for Bowlby’s theory as it indicated that prolonged separation increased the risk of showing affectionless psychopathy and juvenile behaviour. This research used case studies which provide thoroughly comprehensive and rich data. However, it must be noted that we should be wary to generalize as the findings concern the specific subject alone. Furthermore, the research was correlational and non-experimental. Due to ethical reasons, deprivation could not be manipulated as the independent variable so cause and effect cannot be inferred. We simply cannot assume that deprivation was the direct cause of affectionless psychopathy within the thieves as Unlike Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth, another key figure in the attachment theory used three specific types of insecure attachment: anxious avoidant, anxious anxious ambivalent and disorganized. Mary Ainsworth (REFERENCE), conducted ‘The Strange Situation’ – standardized laboratory research. Maybe add sample criticism – normal controls. The insecure attachment styles identified by Ainsworth have had a large influence on the way researchers viewed attachment and has influenced much further research on the relationship between attachment relationships in childhood and attachment disorders in adult life that lead to crime. Models of adult attachment have been developed by Bartholomew (1991) which found that childhood attachment types are predictive of adult attachment styles. Bartholemew (1991) in particular highlights the avoidant attachment which has been indicated in previous literature as prevalent in offenders. Bartholemew separated the avoidant attachment style into fearful and dismissive. Fearful style individuals have a negative view of self and others and blames others for their own hostility. This means that fearful offenders may focus on a victim whom they think has caused their inability to bond. They may blame the victim for their hostility and will lack remorse for their own crimes (Ward Hudson, 1996) (CITE) A dismissive offender has a positive view of self and a negative view of others; leading them to be very narcissistic. They may see victims as objects which means that sadistic traits are developed and the victims worth is devalued (Ward Hudson, 1996). It has been found by Ward et al (1996) (CITE) that paedophiles often show this attachment style characterized by their need for intimacy and fear of abandonment. As well as the avoidant attachment style the dismissive attachment style has also been shown to be predictive of crime. Ijzendoorn et al (1997), found that (GET REFERENCE) out of 40 male serious offenders, most had insecure attachment style (95%) with 53% in particular a disorganised insecure attachment. Fonagy, 1997 also found that a disorganised attachment was most predictive of violent behaviour (Fonagy et al, 1996). Fonagy (1999) (CITE) stated that relationship violence is an exaggerated response of a disorganised attachment in childhood. Rapists and violent offenders often show this dismissive style. From this evidence, it appears that different attachment styles are associated with specific types of offending. Despite being an extremely influential theory, it is now regarded to have overestimated the impact of early life experiences on later offending. It makes the assumption that an insecure attachment will lead to criminal behaviour. However, not all offenders with an attachment disorder in adult life are found to have had an insecure attachment in childhood and not all offenders are found to have an insecure attachment. Therefore despite an insecure attachment being a contributing factor to crime, this theory cannot provide a comprehensive theory on crime. Another psychological theory of crime is that of operant conditioning. The behaviourist, Skinner (1974) said that the best way of explaining behaviour is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. Skinner stressed that behaviour can be modified through applying operant conditioning: the use of positive and negative reinforcement and punishment as consequences of the actions. Reinforcers strengthen behaviour (negative reinforcement removes an aversive consequence and positive reinforcement presents a positive consequence) whilst punishers reduce the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated. Operant conditioning is based on the idea that when a behaviour is followed by a particular consequence such as a reward, it is more likely to recur than a behaviour that is followed by a punishment. Through the consequences, behaviours are either reinforced or eliminated. However, a criticism of this is that the punishment of imprisonment does not always deter people from committing crimes. However, it may be that prison does not seem like a large punishment to someone with a troubled upbringing and actually may provide a better environment than their home life. Jeffrey (1965) (CITE) states that criminal behaviour develops through operant conditioning. However, Bandura highlighted that reinforcers aren’t vital for behaviour to be learned. Behaviours may also occur by simply observing a model take part in the behaviour. Bandura (1961) (CITE) called this social learning theory and demonstrated it through the Bobo Doll experiment. Children saw a model either acting aggressively or non aggressively towards a Bobo doll (kicking and punching it). Children exposed to the aggressive model displayed more direct imitation than those exposed to the non-aggressive model. Those exposed to the non aggressive model showed much less aggressive behaviour than those exposed to the aggressive model. This study devalues the importance of operant conditioning in learning as it shows that not all behaviours depend on reinforcers and punishment and can be simply learned through observation. However, it is often questioned whether the children would have reacted in the same aggressive way towards a real person rather than a bobo doll, which raises issues about the ecological validity of the study. There is evidence to show that aggressive behaviour does get copied such as through observing it in the media (find evidence) and the theory has practical applications for rehabilitation of offenders through the use of positive role models reinforcing behaviour. However, social learning theory does not provide an explanation for opportunistic crime which has not been observed or learnt such as murder.

Free Essays on Ducati

Ducati Motor Holding got its start in 1926, when the Ducati brothers founded a small electrical appliance business in the suburbs of Bologna Italy. By the 1950’s, Ducati was building much stronger and faster motorcycles. It was shortly after the production of this cycle that Fabio Taglioni’s new found valve gear system changed the future for Ducati. His valve gear system allowed engines to run more efficient while adding horsepower. Superior performance has been the hallmark of Ducati for decades. Since the early fifty’s many changes were made to Ducati motorcycles to improve their performance. A new bike, the 750 V-twin, scored a sensational and unexpected victory in the Imola 200 and launched the Ducati V-twin dynasty. Throughout more than fifty years of superior engineering, competition, testing, and cutting edge Italian design, Ducati has built an enduring motorcycle legacy. With its primary branch based in Bologna Italy, Ducati operates in high performance motorcycles. Only selling on average 600,000 units per year Ducati manages to make 408 million dollars annually. Motorcycle sales are not the only contributor to Ducati’s revenue however. Ducati also sells high performance replacement parts, accessories and apparel, and engine sales. Ducati however did not always have such a high percentage of profits. In 1995 Ducati suffered a huge finical crisis. Once a change in control was made, sales quadrupled. Being in the high performance motorcycle industry, Ducati has many competitors. An interesting fact is that Ducati does not consider Harley Davidson as a competitor. One advantage that Ducati has on the rest of its competitors is customer loyalty. This literally means that two out of three people that have bought a Ducati motorcycle will return to Ducati when they are ready to purchase again. Ducati offers its employees many different benefits, such benefits as full medical, eye, and dental plans. ... Free Essays on Ducati Free Essays on Ducati Ducati Motor Holding got its start in 1926, when the Ducati brothers founded a small electrical appliance business in the suburbs of Bologna Italy. By the 1950’s, Ducati was building much stronger and faster motorcycles. It was shortly after the production of this cycle that Fabio Taglioni’s new found valve gear system changed the future for Ducati. His valve gear system allowed engines to run more efficient while adding horsepower. Superior performance has been the hallmark of Ducati for decades. Since the early fifty’s many changes were made to Ducati motorcycles to improve their performance. A new bike, the 750 V-twin, scored a sensational and unexpected victory in the Imola 200 and launched the Ducati V-twin dynasty. Throughout more than fifty years of superior engineering, competition, testing, and cutting edge Italian design, Ducati has built an enduring motorcycle legacy. With its primary branch based in Bologna Italy, Ducati operates in high performance motorcycles. Only selling on average 600,000 units per year Ducati manages to make 408 million dollars annually. Motorcycle sales are not the only contributor to Ducati’s revenue however. Ducati also sells high performance replacement parts, accessories and apparel, and engine sales. Ducati however did not always have such a high percentage of profits. In 1995 Ducati suffered a huge finical crisis. Once a change in control was made, sales quadrupled. Being in the high performance motorcycle industry, Ducati has many competitors. An interesting fact is that Ducati does not consider Harley Davidson as a competitor. One advantage that Ducati has on the rest of its competitors is customer loyalty. This literally means that two out of three people that have bought a Ducati motorcycle will return to Ducati when they are ready to purchase again. Ducati offers its employees many different benefits, such benefits as full medical, eye, and dental plans. ...

US Intelligence Failure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

US Intelligence Failure - Research Paper Example ver did not carry out any immediate action such as keeping the terrorist by the name Khalid al-Mihdhar from entering the US even though they even had his passport number. They took that action too when he was already in the country and even registered as well as taking flying lessons (Zegart 96). There were several reasons that cause this failure in intelligence as will be discussed below in detail. The CIA is a very bureaucratic agency and had been so since the era of the cold war. The policies that had been formulated then were never changed even after the cold war was over. This therefore meant that they had no policies and directives of how to handle the terrorism situation if it arose or what mandate they had in the whole issue. Even though Clinton had formed an Al Qaida taskforce, it only handled issues to do with Osama bin Laden and it was still not an active group and would not have known how to handle the terrorist intelligence information about the 9/11 attacks. The bureaucracy in the federal government also led to delay in intelligence decisions and legislations and hence the reason there was delay in taking action in regards to the Khalid situation. Other than bureaucracy, the budgetary allocation for the CIA was limited hence leading to a flat budget. They could not therefore afford to start investigations on the terrorism planning meeting or even follow up on the situation in Afghanistan because they had limited agents in the field. The airport surveillance would also require a lot of money and manpower resources which they had a shortage of considering the number of work they had to tackle in the whole nation. Majority of the funds was dedicated to the defense and the wars ongoing in other parts of the Middle East and hence little remaining for intelligence purposes. The CIA and other intelligence organizations had their own fair share of other internal intelligence issues to deal with that demanded immediate attention. Since they had not

Most-Favoured-Nation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Most-Favoured-Nation - Essay Example MFN is regarded as an important standard code of international commercial transaction. It has been said that MFN clause is one of the commonly adopted principle in the international investment2 domain. The definition of Most favoured-Nation is3 well explained in Article 5 of International law commission Draft Articles4, Treatment accorded by the granting State to the beneficiary State, or to person or things in a determined relationship with that State, not less favoured than treatment extended by the granting State to a third State or to person things in the same relationship with that third state. The scope of Most Favoured nation is a two way sword creating controversies related to whether the international investment treaties covers jurisdictional or procedural matters. The inclusion of MFN clauses became a general practice in the numerous bilateral, regional and multilateral investment-related agreements till 1950. The aim of MFN clause is to reiterate the importance of equality of treatment irrespective of the nationality of the investors5 and eliminate the discriminative forces.MFN clause had a variant approach towards different treaties leading to more problems in identifying the scope and extend protections based on different treaties and their conditional clauses. Thi... There are 2 differing hypothesis raised by experts on the scope of MFN clause such as MFN clause could be extended to cover jurisdictional matter. The scope of application of the MFN clause concerned does not cover procedural or jurisdictional matter.The above hypothesis involves 2 conditional clauses to facilitate the jurisdiction concept. First clause is that the starting point of interpretation process should be a MFN clause. Second clause assumes that the MFN clause allows the incorporation of the provisions of the dispute settlement mechanism included in third-party BITs8. Overview of Recent Arbitration Cases Among the numerous cases brought to ICSID9 in recent years, two cases, Maffezini v. Kingdom of Spain10 and Tecnicas MedioAmbientales Tecmed S.A. v. the United Mexican States stand out as raising issues concerning the MFN clause. In Argentina and Spain treaty(hereinafter BIT) ,the claimant can avoid stipulations in the absence of the a friendly settlement and negotiation within six months period, the host state has eighteen months trial period to work on the dispute as the disputes are first filed at the local courts of the host state. Host state should make an attempt to resolve the dispute before the claimant approaches tribunal arbitration as the next step. The invoking of MFN clause by the claimant refers the Article IV (2) of the Argentina-Spain BIT that. In all matters subject to this, treatment shall be no less favourable than that extended By each Party to the investments made in its territory by investors of a third country11. The above article guarantees a fair and equitable treatment for the claimant and there can be a replacement

E-marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

E-marketing - Research Paper Example In this survey, the viewers were required to answer a number of questions that would provide key information on what the average user was provided with in terms of service quality by each of these two sites. Other important reasons for choosing these companies are due to the fact that they continue to operate in similar ways. Moreover, they are in direct competition in the quest for gaining more shares in the online auction market. For the ease of conducting the survey, a group of around 30 people were chosen for the survey after having established that each of them had had no prior experience in all the site operations such as placing bids, searching, monitoring bids, buying them using credit cards etc. These people were then given a time frame of 10 days within which, they had to get familiarized with the operations of both the sites. As such, these set of 30 customers got ample time to explore the site and were encourage to do things such as placing bids, bidding for other objects, buying some of the products that had been posted on these sites etc. Thereafter, these customers were asked to answer a questionnaire that had a set of 15 simple questions. The questions were simply aimed at assessing different parameters of site quality such a the time required to get acclimatized to the site, the level of security visible, the range of products offered, the ease with which a customer could place a bid/compete/buy a product, the level of transparency in the site etc. in addition, questions that were asked as part of the questionnaire also aimed at assessing the site features such as the appeal, quality of site content, ease of navigation, ease of operation etc. thus, the parameters assessed by way of these questions would ensure that both these sites were thoroughly assessed for the extent of service quality gap present in these sites.The results of the analysis for each of these questions are presented in the form of a table. The table shows the average of the points given by the test customers on a scale of 1 to 4. INDEX QUESTION EBay Amazon Average rating Average rating 1 Ease of finding a product on the site 3.24 3.28 2 Ease of navigating through the site 3.40 3.55 3 The site makes you come back again and again 3.35 3.41 4 The appearance of the site 3.21 3.35 5 The level of competition among customers 2.95 3.12 6 Range of products 3.32 3.60 7 The ease of financial transactions 3.25 3.30 8 Security of private information 3.50 3.52 9 Ease of communication with the other party 3.15 3.26 10 Pace of sale of products 2.87 3.00 11 Product is verified thoroughly 3.40 3.35 12 Better for bargaining 3.26 3.17 13 Reputation 3.10 3.45 14 Speed with which products are delivered 2.95 3.15 15 Allows for resolving queries 2.90 3.04 The purpose of the evaluation was more directed towards using the actual and existing situation for evaluating the service quality rather than conduct the survey in a test environment. Therefore, it was useful in this regard to have customers who were fresh from having interacted actively with the site just prior to the survey. It so happened that in addition to registering and using the various features of the sites actively, many had in fact been buying and selling products and had thus gained good experience with

Human Resource Management and Organizational Performance

Human Resource Management and Organizational Performance Introduction The study of HRM has come a long way in a relatively short period of existence. In a society that has become increasingly dependent on knowledge and skills it is clear that the companies training perform an important role in overall organization performance. This training comes from Human Resource Management practices. HRM practices are defined as the activities intend to enhance the performance of organizations and employees ability to achieve the goals of organization. HRM practices raise the outcomes of HRM to influence the organization performance This study focus on the relationship between HRM practices variables and organizational performance, impact of HRM practices on organizational performance and productivity. The performance of an organization depends on many factors and employees contribution. Impact of combined performance of employees on organization performance is greater than individuals. Explanation, importance of relationship and the impact of the HRM practices on the performance of organization. Different approaches of HRM practices and business strategy. It reflects the approach and different factors of the HRM practices. Effect of the individual and shared climate levels of organization Different Studies have emphasized the contribution of Human Resource Management practices to the organizational performance. These studies focused on HRM practices. There is shared idea that HR practices are only effective when bundles are considered including incentive system, training, flexible job assignment, high selectivity and performance management. These practices contribute to increase employee and organization performance by increasing the level of productivity and financial performance. HRM practices have an effect of motivating employees to adopt the required behaviours, it links to the organizational climate, service environment and customer satisfaction. Outcome of investment on employees training each year, this finding is generally shown to be stronger when an organization provides employees with opportunities for the involvement in decision making and organises work in ways that allows employees a higher level of discretionary efforts in the way work is done HRM practices and Organizational performance According to studies of Boselie, Paauwe and Jansen (2000), that relationship between relevant dependant and independent variable will vary according to such influences as technology, unionization, industry, company ownership and location, capital intensity, company age and size. Contingency arguments imply potentially complex interactions between HRM variable, between performance and contingency factors, between HRM variables and performance indicators and contingency factors. Commitment HR practices are based on the idea that the closer an organizations HR practices resembled the correct prototypical system, the greater the performance gain Nicolai and Dana (2009), focus on the impact of individual and bundles of HRM practices. The focus of the empirical research has been divergent and it is clear that reward and training have attracted disproportionate. These are important HRM practices, but it is hard to argue on a priori grounds that positive impact of, for example job design variables. They found that practices such as the use of selective hiring, the extent of training and active participation of the employee in decision making were conducive to organization learning, while group performance-based compensation was not found to be significant for organization learning A number of HRM researchers have argued that synergies are likely to exist among individual HRM practices. These studies indicate that when HRM practices are applied as coherent systems, they have greater effects on organization productivity than the sum of the individual effects from each practice alone Cristina (2007), explain the relationship and impact of HRM practices in organizational performance. People management should be matter of discussion and investment on the part of companies. As for as the theoretical approaches are concerned, the conceptualization of the relationship among HRM practices and business strategy has given birth to three main approaches, named universalistic, contingent and configurational. Under the common relationship among HR Practices and organization performance or outcome, these models hypothesize different set s of variable and relations among them eventually influence corporate results In the view of Peter and Donna (2008), firstly approach which reflects the early work examining the impact of HRM practices implicitly assumed a universalistic, rational model of work organization yielded significant performance dividend. This has been closely associated with a best practice model of HRM. Secondly HR practices are required to have consistency with other organizational factors to be effective. These factors include the nature of market and legislative change. Climate of organization both as individual level attribute and as a set of shared beliefs and values have effect of motivating employee to adopt desired attitudes and behaviour that in the collection, help to achieve organizations goals. HRM system can be read as communication between employer to employee. The effectiveness of HRM system as communication to employee will depend on those features that define HRM system strength. These features are distinctiveness, consistency and consensus. Rita and Miguel (2004) , research has shown that HRM practices contribute to organizational performance. Early studies emphasized the impact of several separate HRM practices, such as compensation, performance management system and training. Later studies reported the positive impact of HRM practices on organizational performance as well as the virtuous impact of HR sophistication, measured by investment in HR planning, in hiring and in employee development on productivity, particularly in capital intensive organization. These latter studies have a common idea that bundle of HR practices improve employee and organization performance. Overall set of HRM practices developed the employees skills, ability and motivation. High performance work system contribute to improve employee and organization performance by increasing the level of productivity Organizations Demand and outcome for HRM practices According to Bo Hansson (2002), in estimating the impact of training on the probability of the organization being a top performer in the industry, controlling for the past profitability is an effort to measure the net contribution of training to the profit op the organization. Percentage of wage bills spent on training is significantly and positively associated with the profitability in an organization. The proportion of employee being trained is positive but not significant. Most significant factor to indicate current performance is the past performance The measure of internal promotion is significantly and positively associated with profitability only in the presence of how much is invested in training and not in the estimates of how many employees are trained every year. Focusing on internal promotion seems to be a good strategy for organization profitability as this strategy reduces the training. Because measure of internal promotion is significantly in the presence of how much is invested in training Bruce and Benjamin (2009), explain the individual organizations decision regarding the extent of the investment in HRM practices. Following the mainline of HRM practices they assume the organization short-run objective is maximum financial return, which is simply treating as maximum profit. This assumption limits to private sector for profit organizations. The HRM practices are treat as an input factor in production. That is the organizations output is assumed produced with labour, capital and HRM practices. HRM is utilized therefore, because of its boost productivity. HRM helps to produced more output and profit Strength of HRM Practices and Turnover Rita and Miguel (2004), presents the links between HRM feature and outcome at organizational level, such as financial performance and productivity. HRM system or practices creates the conditions to achieve organizational goals by influences employee attribution. Individual practices intended to achieve objectives, such as promoting innovation, process deals with how the HRM practices is designed and administrated to send signals to employees that allow them to create a shared meaning about the desired response and collective sense of what is expected. According to one study (B Hansson, 2002), turnover is significantly and negatively associated with being a top performing organization. A large amount spent on employee every year. It is crucial for an organization to retain their employee in that turnover reduces the returns to training. This reasoning is in accord with the rational that mobility lowers an organizations training investment in that reduces the return on these training i nvestments. However, an explanation for the finding that mobility is not determining the provision of training is that the economic benefits to the organization from training their employees outweigh the cost of lost human capital investment that are caused by personal turnover. Important determination of training is personal turnover as it affects the ability of organization to benefit from training Aims and Objectives Following are the aims and objectives of this study To show the Impact of HRM practices on the performance of organization Effect of HRM practices on employees performance, ability and behaviour. Contribution of HRM practices in organization performance. what package of HRM practices affect performance. The Relationship between HRM and Organizational Performance. Organization Performance and HRM practices Conclusions We can conclude that there are possibilities for including the institutional setting in theoretical framework in order to have a full coverage of the relationship between HRM practices and performance. On a number of HRM practices the individual organization cannot differentiate itself from competitors. The best practices are already enforced for majority of organization due to role. Highlight the impact of the individuals and bundles of HRM practices on the productivity and performance on organization The purpose of study is to explore relationship between HRM polices human capital and organization performance at business and individual level by considering different variables. From the concept of the strength of the HRM system, we can suggest that workplace climate provide a high credible mechanism in creating the basis on which practices are institutionalised into the inimitable asset for the organization. Workplace climate appears to act as a significant mediator between HRM system and performance

Disillusionment in Europe During the years 1914-1918 :: essays research papers

Analyze the spirit of promise that gave way to disillusionment in Europe during the years 1914-1918.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prior to the devastation of the first World War, a spirit of optimism and enthusiasm engulfed the minds of citizens across Europe. Relating the potential outcome of another war to the short, decisive, progressive wars in the nineteenth century, Europeans greeted the opportunity for war as a tool to cleanse the current ailments of Europe. The people, blinded by an overwhelming belief in progress and a developing sense of nationalism, failed to foresee that they were heading for disaster. World War I emanated from European leaders' aggression toward other countries, which was supported by the rising nationalism. Economic and imperial competition and fear of war prompted military alliances and an arms race, which further escalated the tension contributing to the outbreak of a war greatly exceeding the lethality of European expectation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A spirit of nationalism rang high in the atmosphere pre-world war Europe. Many were engrossed by potential benefits war could bring to their lives. Nationalism, however, was not a new idea; at the settlement of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the principle of nationalism was ignored in favor of preserving the peace. Despite the settlement, the principle was rejuvenated by the onset of the World War. The ardent nationalists fussed in masses to champion the need for war. â€Å"Patriotic demonstrations had an intoxicating effect and excited the war-mongers to excess...† (Phillip Schneidemanan). Under false aspirations and expectations the naive soldiers marched off to war, unexpectant of the tragedies they would encounter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In only a few short months, the soldiers realized how false their assumptions were. Nationalism presented itself as a misleading concept rendering the soldiers to a rude awakening. â€Å"Oh, God how those men looked, as they came nearer-- those utterly immobile faces under their steel helmets...† The illusion brought about by nationalist ideals encouraged war, and under false pretenses delivered the devastation of the war as a shock exceeding all expectations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The power of alliances also played a key role in the creation and devastation of World War I. Dating back to the time of Bismarck, most alliances formed for the sake of reassurance or to postpone the outbreak of a war. But as time passed, alliances greatly increased international tension by dividing Europe into two armed camps. â€Å"I felt strongly that England ought to remain neutral, and I collected the signatures of a large number of professors and fellows to a statement.

Discuss the varying roles of the promotion Essay

This would increase the quality of life to the families living at home dramatically, from living of just one dollar a day to the minimum wage of an employee in an MEDC. Some people believe that you can put large amount of aid into a country, or even create a neo-liberastic situation – however, the countries that are currently regarded as LDCs or even LEDCs will always be in that situation and it’ll never change. This is due to their geographical location, and how so many external factors are taken into consideration such as the climate, the droughts and the inability to grow many things within the climate. Biologist Jared Diamond in his book ‘guns germs and steal’ wrote heavily on this point, in this he effectively believed that the development of a country is completely reliant on their location rather than the people within it. To an extent this is true, 33 out of the 50 countries are just below the Sahara desert in terrible conditions. They have little crops that are able to grow on their land, which used to be the first stage of development many years ago – the animals that graze are few in terms of species and overall are on a complete natural disadvantage. Arguably geography created the countries into what they are today. For example, the harsh conditions led to people unable to make many by selling their crops – this led to crime, as people needed more money to survive. This endless struggle continued and the crime, corruption and civil wars just became out of control. Similarly, economists agree that these countries have too many problems to be able to compete on a global market, such as internal conflicts/ HIV and AIDs. These huge problems all contribute to the unrest of the countries in question. Many companies may disagree with moving their factories to Africa, not only would they have to adapt their designs to fit with the harsh environment. Also with 22. 5 million adults and children who have HIV/ AIDs in sub Saharan Africa, would also contribute to the potentially weak workforce – making the productivity of those factories less. This is mainly why many economists believe there is no way that they will be competitive within the workforce. In many developing countries around the world aid is directly given to the government and the public sector. With the increase in trade, it can directly add to the successfulness of exportesr within the private sector. Many governments have seemed to prefer aid, however it does not necessarily mean this is the best way of improving the quality of life for the people within it. Many LDCs struggle to receive a large amount tax from their people, and having a weak private sector reduces their chances even further in developing – which is why governments of LDCs prefer aid to support their infrastructure. Tony Blair believed that we needed a $25 billion increase, doubling the annual aid, to countries within Africa by 2010 – and an even further $25 billion by 2015. However, this aid only improves the country in the short term – for example Japan’s recent natural disaster of an 8. 9 earthquake on the Richter scale, may need for external aid which may be essential to get them back on their feat. But too much aid and it could lead to a dependency culture, in which countries are just merely reliant on aid without trying to achieve a goal for their country or to increase their countries quality of life. The argument comes into the idea that â€Å"if you give a man a fish, you feed him for a day. But if you give him a fishing rod, you feed him for a lifetime†; aid is simply just a means to get by it is not a good enough plan for the future. While trade can effectively set you up for the future, and hopefully increase the revenue of that country and thus increasing the quality of life. I believe that the most important provision is trade, however for the trade to be optimized there are many problems which need to be addressed – such as political stability. If a country does not rid itself of some of its problems, the trade that a LDC does will just go straight back into the corrupt leader.

Affection of My Heart Essay

Affection of My Heart Essay Affection of My Heart Essay In old legend there live 3 queen’s born from the Sea’s , the Earth, and the Moon along with different year’s .Each were guarded by powerful demon’s ruler’s born of unknown blood. And 4 young woman are chosen to save the world. Our 1st up is latino beauty Rosa Juan with the faith of a tiger lily and the hope of rose and there Kikki Johnson she got truth by her side and love in her heart ,But for her cousin Miss Emerald Macklin care for justice an yet (Emma) courage is her best quality .but her friend Kitaru Smith or Yin for short , she our little gothic witch who love darkness but deep inside her light was Yin gift. AN last but not least our youngest flower, her name is Millennia young(blood) or Moon for short and she has a lot to learn. Anyhow moon-chan is well know as the princess of Lily Bright High School ï ¿ ¼ (Home of the water dragon’s !) and for our youngest friend she got alot 2 learn. Her name is Millennia young(blood) or Moon for short. she a 15 year old in the 10th grade ,but also Moon is know to be a true princess beyond of classmate until she meet her new sweet heart name Tykomaru Ginbolee ,Komaru a 18 year old 12th g rader wonder for the blood of his formal lover. On his way to his new school he found a young woman on the ground crying . Hello ? Are you ok miss? He asked until the young girl turn and appear her sweet face :soft brown skin ,rosie lips,

The Ideal Relationship

The Ideal Relationship In today’s society, both men and women have assumed different roles in their respective families and societies. However, in most cultures around the world men are somehow more glorified than women. In such patriarchal societies, women are expected to serve and respect men. Therefore, women are brought up knowing how to serve and respect their fathers, husbands, and grandfathers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Ideal Relationship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such societies have lately been the target of feminist movements. To most people, especially those in the Western worlds this manner of doing things is outdated and should be repealed entirely (O’Neill, Horton and Crosby 72). This has not had much effect because most patriarchal societies go on with their lives unperturbed. This raises the question of what is an ideal relationship between men and women. In my view, an ideal relationship consi sts of clearly demarcated roles and responsibilities between the two genders. Most of those in the feminist movement usually have a biased outlook of a patriarchal society. To them women in these societies are denied their basic rights. Therefore, when the women chose to cook, clean, and care for their husbands, it is assumed that this is against their will. This is not always the case. Historically, men and women have always served different roles in their societies. This pattern has been in existence for thousands of years and even previous laws considered this fact greatly (Hare 17). However, there is a difference between being treated differently and being oppressed. This distinction is often overlooked by most of those in the feminist movement. As one writer notes, â€Å"a misunderstanding of the roles nature has given to women will only take part in the breakdown of the sacred ties of the family† (Crawford and Unger 100). A perfect relationship is not however built on f ear between men and women. Men who are afraid that women are going to take over from them are misinformed. Careers do not necessarily interfere with gender roles. It is possible for a woman to assume whichever career she wishes and still fulfill her role in the society. For instance, the most common gender role is that in relationships men should lead women.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is a good example of how gender roles are misconstrued. This is because the woman is not supposed to be a follower of all the men in the planet. She is only supposed to be a follower of the man she is in a relationship with. This means that in an ideologically perfect relationship the woman can be the president of a multi-national company. However, when she goes home she meets her leader, the one who is supposed to alleviate all her fears and insecurities. Using the same logic, a man can be working in the lowest position possible but he should be able to lead the way in a relationship. The mutual respect between men and women should exist without the pressure associated with the feminist movement. Men have nothing to gain by trying to keep women down and denying them even their fundamental rights. Moreover, women have nothing to gain relationship-wise by trying to confront and equate themselves to their men (McBride-Stetson 27). While such issues may be good topics for public debates, they should not be in doubt when it comes to relationships. In a perfect relationship, it should not be a matter of debate about who is supposed to lead the other. This and other roles should be clear to both of the parties involved in a relationship. In addition, this should not be a matter to be decided after a relationship has already begun, men and women should be in the clear about these roles right from the start. A clear demarcation in gender roles ensures that there is good communication and respect in a relationship. Usually, these are the agents that bring about love in a relationship. When a man and a woman have clear roles and responsibilities, there is little room for conflict and misunderstandings. Perfect relationships are those that are able to withstand currents like those of feministic or chauvinistic views (Strathern 277). In my view, in a perfect relationship it should not be an everyday quest when deciding who should carry out which role. For instance, if it is the wife’s duty to cook for the family this should be the case as long as she is present and healthy. In addition, if it is the woman’s role to bring home the bacon the man should not be influenced by chauvinistic or feministic views and end up feeling inferior (Walters et al. 89).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Ideal Relationship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Statistics have shown that s ince the advent of the feminist movement, the rate of breakdown in relationships has skyrocketed (Haraway and Cyborg 68). This is simply because this movement is inconsiderate of what makes up a perfect relationship. In a perfect relationship, it is not about what rights each partner has, but more about what responsibilities each partner seeks to fulfill to the other. Therefore, when roles and responsibilities are clearly laid down, the resulting relationship is nothing short of perfect. Crawford, Mary, and Rhoda Unger. Women and Gender: A Feminist Psychology, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004. Print. Haraway, Donna, and Ann Cyborg. Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the  Late Twentieth Century, New York: Routledge, 1991. Print. Hare, Rachel. The Problem of Gender in Family Therapy Theory. Family  Process 26.1 (2004): 15-27. Print. McBride-Stetson, Dorothy. Womens Rights in the U.S.A.: Policy Debates and Gender  Roles, New York: Routledge, 2004. Print. O’Neill, R egina , Sylvia Horton, and Faye Crosby. Gender Issues in Developmental Relationships. Family Process 34.1 (2007): 63-80. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strathern, Marilyn. An Awkward Relationship: The Case of Feminism and Anthropology. Signs 12.1 (1987): 276-292. Print. Walters, Marianne, et al. The Invisible Web: Gender Patterns in Family Relationships, New York: Guilford Press, 1991. Print.

Alchemist Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alchemist Reflection - Essay Example his paper seeks to highlight an important lesson learnt in the novel and provide a personal reflection with regard to the triumphs and tribulations encountered in a quest to achieve one’s goals in life. The novel has a lot of life’s lessons that are presented by various characters and their attitudes and beliefs with regard to what is important in life. The most significant lesson garnered from the novel is the importance of faith and belief in self. This is because having a strong and unshakable faith or belief in self leads to the unlocking of one’s potential which is negated by self-doubt. Belief and faith in self is manifested as attitude which influences and determines an individual’s perception and opinions about life and their role in shaping their fortunes. This belief in self and a strong positive attitude is exemplified by Santiago in his quest to fulfil his dreams(Coelho 116). Santiago had strong faith in his destiny which translated to having a positive attitude towards his endeavour to fulfil his dreams. Attitude is a fundamental component of human nature, and its manifestation plays a huge and significant role in people’s lives. In essence this means that the positivity or negativity of an individual’s attitude plays a significant role in the outcome of one’s endeavours. The novel provides exemplary instances where the roles of belief, faith and attitude in a person’s life are brought out indicating their significance. This is in line with quote ‘when you want something, the entire universe conspires in helping you to achieve it’(Coelho 22).Santiago’s strong belief and positive attitude can be applied in the context of the above quote; in the sense that his actions and experiences exhibit the tenets and implications of the quote above. In line with the quote, the universe conspires to enable Santiago fulfil his dreams in the sense that he meets people on his journey that help him gain useful insights towards realizing and

Evaluate whether it is possible to deliver the National Curriculum in Essay

Evaluate whether it is possible to deliver the National Curriculum in a way that it meets its broadest aims, especially in the t - Essay Example The individual schools should be more focused on paying attention to time pupils spend there. Individual schools should be able to develop their own programs and develop different approaches to learning. Aims of the National Curriculum The main aims of the National Curriculum are the following: to reflect and implement high standards and develop coherence in school teaching; to give a guarantee that all children would gain essential knowledge in key subjects; teachers should freely use their professionalism to facilitate and improve the learning process. The UK is looking forward to effective changes and innovations implementation in the National Curriculum (starting from January, 2011). The main emphasis is made on the necessity of the essential knowledge gaining by children. NC is mainly focused on children knowledge development in different areas of their interests and will promote more free relations between children and their teachers. The most effective methods of studies are t o be chosen by teachers and the needs of students should be covered in a wider context of the modernity. The Mathematics Curriculum for example, is mediated by four main aims: the usage and application of mathematics, promotion of number and algebra knowledge, awareness of shape, space and measures and data handling. All these aims are focused on 4 different ages' stages of the students. Moreover, spiritual, cultural, social and moral development is a must for mathematics curriculum. Thus, through development of basic mathematical skills, this curriculum is focused on a broader development of an individual. Many other skills, such as interpersonal communication, improvement of one's learning, problem solving skills, development of entrepreneurial abilities etc are also outlined by the NC in Mathematics. These are broad aims of the NC in Mathematics, actually. Changes in Methods Nowadays there are many teaching methods and it is often argued the way children should gain their knowled ge. What should come first: media or methods? It is better to give the answer to this question. Bloom’s Taxonomy for Higher order thinking underlines that it is necessary to pay attention to the following aspects of learning: remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating (Eble, 1994). These basic skills for further development in possible scientific explorations or some other ventures should be developed from the first years in school. Very often children in the primary school use computer technologies. Teachers can apply Internet resources to the field of their teaching and focus on such aspects, as information search and a potential information analysis and implementation both in the process of reading skills or mathematical skills (Department of Education; Dipietro, 2004). Teachers in the modern context of UK education should become a mentor, a friend and an instructor. It should be noted that language skills are high on the agenda nowadays. A s tudent should be able to formulate his request to read relevant information, process and implement it. Language skills are essential in effective search strings development. The students should be able to use relevant search terms, synonyms, appropriate words, to be able to create other key words and phrases for search. Therefore, one of the first and foremost methods of learning can be found in

Analyse Marcelo Brodskys Work Buena Memoria From the Perspective of Essay

Analyse Marcelo Brodskys Work Buena Memoria From the Perspective of Memory Work - Essay Example This essay stresses that general Jorge Videla seized power in another coup. Marcelo Brodsky, an Argentine who was both a human rights activist, and an artist, and who was residing in Argentina by this time, went into exile in Barcelona. It is while there that he took keen interest and learnt photography. He returned to Argentina in 1984, after the fall of the dictatorial leadership. The memories of the atrocities meted on his people were still fresh in him. In 1996, Brodsky thought of creating a memory bridge between his own memories and the future generations This paper makes a conclusion that the analysis of the importance of Marcelo Brodsky’s work from the memory perspective. It has been demonstrated beyond doubts that an individual memory can be presented artistically, and be carried forth to generations. This can be shared with other people who may not have been there when the events occurred, but can create a lasting impression, and at the same time communicate the past to them. This in turn brings in transition, and builds a memory bridge from the living memory to the post memory, which benefits generations. It also emphasizes the fact that for a community to effectively handle its present and future predicaments, it must have a special place for the historic events, which would help them make sound judgements. These historical events are the button that must be handed over in an effective manner to other generations.

Shale gas Essay Example for Free

Shale gas Essay Would you make if you were Jane Barrow? Why that one? If I were Jane Barrow, I would suggest shale gas as the best. Since the industrial, electric power and residential make a large contribution for the use of natural gas, the stakeholder in these parts are very important. After multiattribute risk analysis, the chart from Exhibit 10 shows they are care about using energy produced in their own jurisdiction. From the Exhibit 3, with the increasing need of natural gas to satisfy consumption, more and more net imports have been done. Shale gas has the largest production capacity per day which is suitable for these stakeholders’ objective. This feature will satisfy most of the stakeholders. Although the project is the most expensive one, its huge production makes the profit the largest among these three. So after comparing these projects, I would make the recommendation for shale gas project. Which one of the three options is the most practical and economical? In my view, coal bed methane is the most practical and economical option. Among these three projects, tight sands gas has the best geological condition as in a remote area in West Taxes where fewer people live and it is least costly and has most profit per thousand cubic feet. However, since it has the lowest production capacity per day, the total profit is the lowest. The project of Shale gas, which locates in Pennsylvania, is the most expensive one, but the total profit is the highest. However, this project needs a lot of water from Delaware River that may affect the live of resident near the river. Since the affect of hydraulic fracturing is still unknown, the relative apartment and the residents nearby may against the action. The project of the coal bed methane is the best because it requires less fluid during hydraulic fracturing and is easily drillable which means it is relatively safe and has moderate cost. Rocky Mountain region, the project locates, has a population of 2000, which is suitable. The production capacity per day is well too. So after comparing these projects, the coal bed methane project is the best. What are you most worried about in this decision? The affect of hydraulic fracturing is still unsure. Once there’s an accident happens, it will be terrible as the press may aggressively propagate the fact and the relative apartment such as EPS may suggest prohibit the hydraulic fracturing method, which may bring a huge loss to the company not only the profit but also the reputation. Besides, the project may be resisted by the residents nearby since the shale gas project needs a lot of water from Delaware River. The lack data and analysis of the project may bring unpredictable risk to the company.

Consumer interaction in contemporary advertising design

Consumer interaction in contemporary advertising design ABSTRACT This paper offers an insight into the role of the consumer in modern advertising. It charts the role of advertising in society from the earliest known origins in Ancient Egypt to the creative revolution during the 1960s right up to modern day viral campaigns. A range of topics are discussed from why companies lose power over their brands to how the individual changed modern advertising. It considers the ways in which, successful brands have utilised the consumer in their campaigns and goes on to deliberate ethical boundaries in the business of advertising. Encompassing a range of authors and correspondents views on the subjects it demonstrates the need for businesses to consider and act upon consumers desires and suggestions in modern society. Furthermore it discovers the necessity to ensure that the consumers views are used as inspiration throughout the creation and development stages of advertisement design in order to guarantee its goals are met. The paper concludes that particularly now, in an economy where there is very little venture capital, brands should embrace consumer-generated content and utilise it in a manner that will aid growth and development. It references industry experts and their views on the subject and establishes a means by which businesses of all sizes can gain from consumer interaction in advertising design. INTRODUCTION Advertising design refers to the creation and development of visuals to be used in the advertising process. It is used attract audiences by pushing creative boundaries and appealing to their emotional senses in order to sell. Advertising and advertising design have come a long way since their beginnings and that is no more apparent than in recent times with introductions of new media but how exactly has advertising changed in recent times? Why was it necessary? What effect have relatively new introductions such as the Internet had on advertising and to what level is the consumer involved when considering advertising campaigns? Pivotally, are advertising agencies still able to engage with consumers and sustain their interest? This paper will discuss the many viewpoints concerning the need for consumer interaction within advertising design, what happens when it is ignored and offer case studies as to how it can be use effectively. Despite much literature on the matter issues still exist with the implementation of consumers through all stages of advertising design. It is hoped that this paper, despite limitations of time constraints and access to large samples of primary research, will assist as a guide to designers and the use of consumers within the sector. CHAPTERS A Brief History of Advertising Design The creation of advertising can be traced back as far as the ancient Egyptians who used papyrus to make sale messages and promotional posters. There are surviving signs from ancient Babylonia and ancient China during the Western Zhou Dynasty (1050 771 BC) advertising the sale of wine at trade fairs. Other examples have been discovered in the ruins of Pompeii, promoting a range of activities from political campaigns and theatre performances to sporting events and drinking establishments. Papyrus was also used in both ancient Greece and ancient Rome to advertise articles that had been lost and found. During the middle ages, where it was uncommon that the population in mass would be able to read, vendors would use symbolism to promote their trade. For instance a cobbler may have used a picture of a boot or a blacksmith a horseshoe to advise customers of their location. (Landa, 2004) The year 1450, and trained Goldsmith, Johannes Gutenberg invents a printing press, the first of its kind to utilize movable, metal type. Its release in Germany and popular rise throughout Europe allowed the widespread distribution of information to the public. It is this that can be accredited as the beginning of mass media (Kreis, 2004) As a discrete form, however, advertising is generally agreed to have begun in the seventeenth century with classifieds and line-ads appearing in weekly English newspapers. (Wilson, 2009) Simple description, accompanied with a price indication, generally for books and newspaper, which due to advances in the printing press were becoming more affordable, served their purpose until false advertising became a prevalent issue, from which regulation of content was introduced. 1836 and French newspaper, La Presse, became the first media of its kind to introduce paid advertisement space. Due to this successful concept, the paper was able to lower its retail price, resulting in wider readership and an increase in revenue. Four years later, in Boston, MA, Volney Palmer established what was to become known as a predecessor to advertisement agencies. Around the same time French news agency, Havas, extended its services to incorporate advertisement brokerage. These forerunners to advertising agencies worked as brokers, selling advertisement space in newspapers. It wasnt until 1869 and N. W. Ayer Son of Philadelphia became the first full-service agency, which could be likened to those of today, in that they assumed responsibility for advertising content. (Landa, 2004) It was towards the end of the nineteenth century, with an emergence of more full-service advertising agencies, that the business of advertising became an institution in its own right. (Wilson, 2009) It had its own creative values and working models, as well as being considered as one of the few real career opportunities for women at the time. This was due to the fact that it was women who were responsible for the majority purchasing within the household. The advertising agencies soon realised the invaluable input of womens insight through the creative process. In fact it was Helen Lansdowne Resors foresight that turned Woodburys soaps attention away from sole promotion of its medical properties to line itself with the consumer. Her tagline; A skin you love to touch, implied a romantic desire and is credited as the first utilization of sex in advertising. (Reichert and Lambiase, 2003, p. 44) Advertising agencies became the response to an ever growing and often crowded marketplace. Manufacturers and sales people realized that promotion was vital to the success and longevity of a product. The agencies began to sell themselves as experts in constructing goods to consumer communication, which if employed, would leave the businesses to concentrate on the manufacture and growth of their goods. The Great War saw a number of advances in advertisement to the mass market with the arrival of propaganda ads on all sides. It was the British government, who were at the forefront of the propaganda battle, using advertisement to persuade civilians to fight as well as an attempt to lure America to join them. It is written in Mein Kampf that Germany lost the war because they lost the battle of propaganda. (Kick, 2001) The most important affect the First World War had on advertising was the mechanization of industry and the resulting increase in expenditure that gave birth to a new concept; the desire to create need within consumer. It is this notion that has been the dominating force in advertising since the 1920s. Into the 1920s and the first radio stations were established by manufacturers in order to sell more radios to a greater number of people. Soon many not-for-profit organisations also began setting up stations, such as schools and civic groups. The practise of sponsoring a program became popularised which usually meant the mention of the single sponsoring business as an introduction to the show. However, it was soon realised that an increase in the number of advertising spots available would create an increase in revenue. Station owners began selling time allocated slots to multiple businesses rather than selling the rights to whole programs. This practise was proving very effective until 1929 when the Wall St. Crash hit, which put an end to widespread affluence. This was followed by the Great Depression and the Second World War, which meant that it was not until the 1950s that customers had enough disposable income to respond to the marketers creation of need concept, which had been established through the twenties. Post War affluence had prevailed, as did a wealth of goods for which a feeling of need for the consumer had to be created. Perhaps the most predominant product to be seen as a necessity was the television. No home could be without one and of course, where the televisions went, the advertisers soon followed. It should be noted that due to Britains government control over broadcasting, they were a decade or so behind the US in allowing commercial TV stations to air. To this day the UK and Europe still have tighter control over the amount of editorial sway that advertisers possess over a programme. This is partly due to corruption within the US model that enabled sponsors to interfere with the storylines of quiz shows in order to make their goods more appealing. (Stafford and Faber, 2005) 1960s America and Doyle Dane Bernbach introduced what is said to be one of the finest advertising styles in modern times. So much so that its creation sparked a period known in the states as the Creative Revolution. Set in a sea of hard sell, the agency used wit in addition to a certain amount of self-ridicule in order to advertise the now iconic, Volkswagen Beetle. The taglines Live Below Your Means and Think Small created the appearance of a company that was willing to make a pun about itself and its product. The car and its advertising was adored by the children of the revolution who saw it as a rejection of their previous generations materialism. (Consumer Guide Automotive, 2007) This form of societal advertising paved the way for some of the most creative and long-standing advertising models, which are still in use to this day. Continuing with the American timeline, the late 1980s saw the introduction of cable TV, and significantly, the introduction the music video with MTV. MTV altered many advertisers mindsets and paved the way for a new model where by the consumer actively watches because of the message, rather than it being a by-product of the program. (Williams, 2003) As cable TV and more commonly in the UK, satellite TV, became more widespread channels emerged which, devoted themselves entirely to advertising product, such as shopping channels. Moving into more modern times and the Internet has created a fantastic medium for advertisers to operate solely on advertising revenue. At the turn of the century, many online businesses, including giants Google, began using un-obtrusive, and contextually relevant advertisements to aid the user. Importantly this is a major factor in the increasing trend of interactive marketing. (Kuntz, 2008) Now, well into the 21st Century and a somewhat recent innovation for the advertising world is guerrilla marketing, which is an unconventional means of advertising aimed at gaining maximum results from minimal resources. The phrase, coined by Jay Conrad Levinson, relies on the use of unexpected and unconventional campaigns in order to create a buzz, in turn becoming viral. Guerrilla marketing may involve PR stunts, product giveaways, poster campaigns, as well as creative use of modern technology, in truth anything required to get maximum results from minimum resources. (Drake and Wells, 2008) Analysis of Brand Is a brand a product, a service or company? Is it a logo, a marketing strategy or an attitude? (Mono Design, 2005, p. 8) The origins of the term brand and its modern definitions can be viewed as somewhat elusive due to its generalised use. The term itself derives from the practise of permanently stamping or marking something under a persons ownership. For example, a herdsmans would brand his cattle with a hot iron to display them as his possession. It was also, as Jane Pavitt writes (2000, p. 21) a means of signalling disgrace. Up until modern times criminals would be marked using hot iron or tattoo as a sign of infamy. This can be traced as the origin of the term branded a liar. Branding can therefore be principally known as the process of attaching a name and a reputation to something or someone. (Pavitt, 2000) The primary and most recognisable feature of a brand is a name or logo, which is used to denote its origin. It is this name or logo an individual or business will use to indentify and distinguish themselves from competitors. It is widespread belief that brand is far more than a name or trademark however. It is the representative image for a product within its market. A brand owner must create a desire that connects the associations and attributes of the product from their own view, or desired identity, to that of the consumer. (Wheeler, 2009) This is referred to as brand image. It is this image of special or unique attributes that make the brand a primary advertising element due to its ability to demonstrate what an individual or organization can offer in the marketplace. The process of attaching values to a product or service, either physically or by suggestion, is called branding. Branding is also defined as the method used to build consumer awareness and extend customer loyalty. It requires owners to seize every possible opportunity to communicate why an individual should choose their brand over a competitors. (Pavitt, 2000) A brand is a persons gut feeling about a product, service or company. (Neumeiner, 2006) Due to the multitude of choice created by competitors, those looking for a market foothold must aim to connect emotionally with consumers and become, in their eyes, irreplaceable and in doing so create long-term relationships to ensure brand longevity and staying power. People trust strong brands and believe them to have superior status. How a market perceives the brand will affect its success. In Designing Brand Identity (2009, p. 2) Wheeler references David Haigh, CEO of Brand Finance statement that, Brands have three primary functions. These are to navigate the customer in selecting one product or service from a wealth of choice. To reassure and comfort the customer, through communication of quality, that they have made the best selection and to engage, using distinctive imagery and the previously discussed associations, to enable customers to identify with a given brand. And to have the brand work to enable identification, which is referred to as brand identity. The final point here is of significance as brand identity is a tangible proposition. The identity aims to stimulate recognition, to amplify differentiation and to create accessibility for the consumer. Brand identity takes disparate elements and unifies them into whole systems. (Wheeler, 2009) The ability to create and maintain a strong brand is referred to as brand management. It is brand management, which is of vital importance when considering consumer reaction and affect on marketing the brand. Marketing the Brand When considering marketing their brand, whether for a start-up, a non-profit or a product, the owner must first consider a strategy. The best strategy is developed as a creative partnership between the client, the strategist, and the designer. (Wheeler, 2009, p. 12) A brand strategy will provide the owner with a dominant and unifying plan around which, all actions, communications and behaviours are centralised. The best strategies are so straightforward that they are easily communicated to all levels of employees and consumers but are also so differentiated and powerful that they stand above the competition. The strategy is built on a vision that aligns itself with the owners strategies and develops from their culture and values. At the forefront of the strategy is the ability to ensure a deep understanding of the consumers needs and perceptions. Brand strategy aims to define position and a competitive advantage as well as creating differentiation and a unique prospect for the consumer. An individual rarely develops the brand strategy. Generally a team of people, which may include the CEO as well as heads of advertising, public relations and sales departments combine to head its creation. Global firms will by and large hire in strategists with outside experience who can creatively aid a firm in articulating what is already there. Brand strategy is critical to a business success and longevity. Companies frequently survive and prosper because they have a clear brand strategy. Companies falter because they do not have one. (Wheeler, 2009, p. 13) Following on from the strategy and in its support is a positioning strategy that both exists and in doing so evolves to create openings in a saturated market, which the brand can exploit. It does this by taking advantage where it can of technology, changes in demographic and importantly, consumer trends. It aims to find a gap in the market in order to appeal to the public in an alternative, fresh and alternative manner. Positioning, as a branding concept was developed by Al Ries and Jack Trout in 1981. (Harris, 1998, p. 27) They defined it as the foundations on which a company should build their brands, strategize planning and extend relationships with their customers. Positioning takes into account the four principal dimensions, which affect sales, product, place, price and promotion. Ries and Trout believed that for successful brand strategy that the owner must cement their position in the consumers mind. This, they believed, should be done by considering the consumers needs, assessing the strengths and weaknesses of their own business and understanding the competitive landscape. Ries and Trouts beliefs continue as a guiding staple pin throughout marketing, branding and advertising. To further grasp the importance of brand and its position within marketing it is fitting to consider a case in context, that of Levis. The past ten years have seen a steady movement away in customer purchasing from established denim-wear brands such as Levis and Wrangler to a contrasting base of manufacturers. Designer labels and smaller independent, street-wear manufacturers have been acquiring a larger market share despite the fact the in many cases these manufacturers are not primarily focused on designing jean lines, seeing them rather as an accompanying product to clothing lines, which are of greater focus. It is felt that consumers are drawn in by the individuality and distinction of small-run lines, as well as the perception of celebrity through associations with their parent-label. (Mono Design, 2005, p. 74) Levis tackled this shift in consumer behaviour in a positive manner by opting to reinvigorate and expand their own product lines, creating designs that did not just reflect emerging trend but actually drove them. Levi enlisted the expertise of London-based design agency, Kitchen who began working with Levi Strauss across the continent to aid in the reinvention and repositioning of the Levis brand image. They did this by consulting the customer at stores and consumers in third party research to gain a better understanding of their mind-set when purchasing a pair of jeans. Kitchen discovered a need for Levi to fully immerse themselves in culture and the environment around them. (Mono Design, 2005) Although predominantly consumer based, the rebranding exercise aimed to stretch further, by raising the profile of the repositioned image in the press and by doing so educating retailers about the visual direction and expectations of the brand. Directly due to consumer input, the forefront of the campaign was presented as a limited collection of books that made use of unexpected materials and experimented boldly with a number of conceptual formats. The idea behind the individual designs of the books was that each theme would be representative and reflective of the product it was promoting. For example, the book released alongside the premium product line featured a quality, embossed leather cover, where as the press book for the vintage clothing line featured earthy colours and an individually distressed cover. Although distribution of the revitalised brand image was overseen by the Brussels based, head office, the true manifestation and grasp of the identity occurred in the outlet stores, which are somewhat varied in style themselves. Retailers were given the power to dress their stores in a manner that they felt was appropriate to the product lines they stocked and the environment around them. The books and promotional material encouraged creativity and inspiration due to the individual and experimental surrounding concepts. Consistency of the message was achieved, which maintained a modern, revitalised and innovative approach to marketing the brand. (Mono Design, 2005, p. 82) How Companies Started to Lose Power Over Their Brands: The Need For Personality Early 2005 and Apple was set to release its latest addition to the iPod family, the Shuffle. Shaped like a stick of gum, it was set to become the smallest music player created. The iPod has been market leader since 2000 and broke ground with its innovative scroll wheel interface. However, Apple had once again set themselves up to break convention with the Shuffle by completely redesigning the interface and removing the screen. It was clear from early test reviews that if customers were to ever be attracted by an iPod without a screen that the marketing behind it must be something special. The feature, which caused real stir about the shuffle, was its size and the fact that it was probably going to appear too small for some users. (Bhargava, 2008) Apple therefore took it upon themselves to add a note of advice to UK consumers within the products disclaimer manual, Do Not Chew iPod. These four words soon caused mass, viral debate through blog postings and online reviews. Was this a light-hearted pun or a true disclaimer to protect the company? In truth, Apple had used an untouched part of the marketing language in a fresh and unexpected manner that created a huge amount of buzz. It was a fitting tagline that demonstrated the personality of the product as well as Apple themselves. This is just one of the many facets that has helped the iPod become CoolBrands fourth place in their 2009/10 respected, marketing league table, with Apple one place above and their revolutionary iPhone in the top spot. (CoolBrands, 2009/10) Personality is the unique, authentic and talkable soul of your brand that people can get passionate about. (Bhargava, 2008, p. 6) It does seem, however, that until recent times Apple were one of the few companies that would commend and promote such a display of personality through an untouched medium, such as a disclaimer at the bottom of the instruction manual. There was a day when consumers choice was limited, when there werent hundreds of television channels, tens of thousands of magazine publications and primarily the Internet as a base to gain information. Since there were fewer choices, it wasnt necessary for companies to provide so many choices. However, those times have now passed and consumers are far savvier, demanding options in both product and brand. Consumers also have more choice when deciding to buy from large, industrial producers or the trend to buy from small, local producers. They [customers] realize that paying less for something made by a giant, faceless corporation is often less rewarding than paying more for something made by a small company. (Calagoine, 2005) Consumers have the power to decide what to buy, where they buy it, how much they should pay for it and whether or not to believe the marketing messages behind it. Consumers hold supreme power over business and their products because they possess the ability and desire to voice their opinions with others through a multitude of devices. An example of the users new found power can be found in the ability to block pop-up ads while browsing online, thus selecting which marketing messages to receive. In todays era of social media, full of portable, personal and individualized mediums, with accessibility a key player in promotion, companies and their brands are becoming shaped not only by an individuals perception but equally their communications. Historically, advertisers have thought of themselves as top-down communicators, in control of what information is released, to whom and when, as well as the channels of communication themselves. (Spurgeon, 2007) It is clear that appearing faceless and unapproachable doesnt work in modern times. Consumers must now be considered as primary creative contributors through the development, communication and marketing processes. Companies have come to realise that personality and character are key elements behind the brand and its image. Marketing is not about selling. (Kotler, 2000) Both sales and marketing use similar approaches. When considering a sales campaign, the focus is product based. However, a market-driven business focuses on the consumer. Marketing aims to penetrate the psyches of consumer and this is what companies like Apple have utilised in order to create an almost character like representation. The previous example of their pun-disclaimer was just a tit-bit in a wealth of marketing, but it is encompassed by an identity that consumers already associated with the Apple brand. The disclaimer was confident, bold, and different, just like Apple. Brand owners must now concentrate on being responsible not just for releasing fantastic product, but creating passion and enthusiasm for their customers to buy into. They must tell a story which consumers understand and appreciate and most importantly, pass on to others. How The Individual Changed Advertising: The Viral Boom Before the Internet, businesses had two real choices to attract attention. They could buy up expensive advertising placements or get third-party commendations through the media. The web has changed all that. (Odih, 2007) Prior to the Web, traditional, directionless advertising through television, radio and newspapers ware the only established methods to create publicity. However, this made individualised and personal advertising messages rather difficult, which, as mentioned above aids in the creation of a personal and accessible brand. It should be stated here that mass advertising still exists in a successful and appropriate manner today, for example Carling advertising their Lager during half time of a football game through television. This is because, although a stereotype, men watching football on the television will often do so while drinking lager, it therefore makes sense that as a product that sets itself up to appeal to a mass market, Carling should advertise to the mass, male market of football enthusiasts they wish to attract. When considering the millions of other businesses, independent retailers, not-for-profits and entrepreneurs, traditional advertising is so broad and impersonal that it is largely ineffective. (OShaughnessy, p. 490) For these subjects however, the web has created a fantastic opportunity to promote themselves to the individual with target messages that cost a fraction of the traditional, mass-market approach. It may be argued that traditional advertisers employ what David Meerman Scott refers to as one-way interruption. (2007, p. 7) Meerman paints a picture of an advertising agencys creative team sitting in an office and conjuring up ways to interrupt an audience so they become engrossed in a one-way message. Continuing from this example, in the middle of a television show, it would be the creative teams job to craft an advertisement that would gain the viewers attention, when they would prefer to be doing something else, for instance, watching the intended show. This example and in fact all examples of traditional advertising, rely on holting an individual in what they are doing so that they will pay attention and soak-in a message. This, it is argued, is where the web differs. The web and online advertising has the ability to, instead of interrupting an individual, actually deliver useful content exactly when the consumer requires it. Furthermore, for the first time, consumers not only decided when they want to receive advertisements, but they also possess the ability to enable growth and longevity of an advertisement and therefore the product or service it would be promoting. This, it is claimed, is due to the development of viral marketing. Viral marketing is now an everyday term, which suggests passing something on, it is word of mouth marketing. (Kotler et al. 2008, p. 856) Its aim, from the view of the advertiser, is to create something that grows as it is passed from person to person and is often utilized in a similar manner to snowball sampling. From an audiences viewpoint, viral marketing empowers them by giving them a choice whether to buy into something and in turn help it grow or alternatively click off and choose to ignore it. The huge rise in video-sharing websites such as YouTube and Veoh spawned a new level of accessibility for marketers, which was stumbled upon somewhat by chance. Early 2006 and home-made videos of bottles of Diet Coke exploding when mixed with Mentos mints began to appear on the Web. Neither Coca Cola nor the Mentos brand owners could control either the use of their product or the distribution of the destructive nature of the images. Replication of the experiments using the two brands was ripe and with the means to share these experiments through the web, the videos snowballed. Thousands of videos were uploaded tallying up millions of views. The finest examples were rapidly powered through viral-dissemination and soon topped most-watched lists on video-sharing sites. Mentos was said to be the happier of the two brands about this popular display of its brand and new found association with youth-culture. Christina Spurgeon (2007, p. 3) quotes Vranica and Terhune (2006) and states that the media exposure was worth an estimated $10 million USD, approximately more than half their yearly advertising budget. They also took immediate steps to expand on this undeveloped market and newfound publicity by partnering with YouTube to host a contest for the finest Coke-Mentos video. Coca-Cola too explored the consumer-generated promotion by creating an unrelated competition in order to further build the Coke brand. (Spurgeon, 2007) It was sporadic revelations such as the success of the Coke-Mentos videos that set in marketers minds the power and influence of the user in the management, interaction and productivity of media. Utilising the Consumer in Viral Campaigns One of the finest examples of viral marketing and its manipulation is that of MSN.com and its free email service, Hotmail. (Sweeney, 2006, p. 54) Since its creation, every email sent using a Hotmail account has contained a tagline informing the recipient about the service. It currently reads: Join the worlds largest e-mail service with MSN Hotmail: http://www.hotmai.com. This unobtrusive message enabled Hotmail to inform hundreds of thousands of potential users to the service they offer. As many great advertising campaigns do, the message went deeper. Hotmail itself does not actually retail products, however, the technique was used to create mass exposure for the Microsoft Network site. This is because users would generally log onto their Hotmail account through a link on the Microsoft Networks site, in turn creating exposure for MSN.com and their ot